广西北海涠洲岛春季大气颗粒物浓度特征及影响因素

为了解我国北部湾区域大气环境特征和可能的跨界输送,于2015年3~4月在涠洲岛开展了对大气颗粒物浓度水平和粒径分布特征的外场观测研究,并结合气象因子和后向轨迹探讨了颗粒物浓度变化原因和来源.结果表明涠洲岛大气PM_1、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)质量浓度分别为(21±12)、(35±19)、(43±20)μg·m~(-3).PM1、PM_(1~2.5)和PM_(2.5~10)质量浓度分别占PM10的50%、32%、18%.0.5~1、1~2.5和2.5~20μm粒径段颗粒物数浓度分别占总数浓度的93.5%、6.1%和0.4%.颗粒物数浓度与能见度和气压呈弱负相关.后向轨迹模拟分析发现,来自涠洲岛西南方向东南亚一带的气团影响频率最高(45.9%),0.5~1μm、1~2.5μm数浓度和PM_(2.5)浓度最低但NO浓度最高;其次为来自正东方向气团(34.1%),SO2浓度最低但O3浓度最高;来自正南方向的气团(12.5%)NO2、NOx、O3和CO浓度最低;来自东北方向的大陆气团影响频率最低(7.4%),但颗粒物数浓度、质量浓度和气体污染物浓度(除O3和NO)最高.涠洲岛大气细颗粒物和气态污染物主要受大陆和东南亚地区输送影响,来自大陆方向的输送以工业污染为主,来自东南亚方向的输送以港口船舶及航运污染为主.     

珠海淇澳岛红树林蟹类区系

2008年7月—2010年9月,对珠海淇澳岛红树林不同生境和不同植被群落的蟹类进行了调查,共采集到蟹类8科24种,其中相手蟹科Sesarmidae种类最多,为9种;弓蟹科Varunidae次之,为5种,沙蟹科Ocypodidae 4种。Jaccard区系相似性指数表明,林内泥滩与林外硬质泥滩蟹类区系为中等相似（J=0.523）,林外硬质泥滩与高潮区光滩蟹类区系（J=0.071）及林内泥滩与高潮区光滩蟹类区系（J=0）都极不相似。林内泥滩蟹类中,谭氏泥蟹（Ilyoplax deschampsi）在数量上占绝对优势。无齿螳臂相手蟹（Chiromantes dehaani）、中华中相手蟹（Sesarmops sinensis）和弧边招潮蟹（Uca arcuata）等在红树林外道路两侧和堤坝较硬质泥滩数量较多,而林外高潮区光滩的蟹类都是耐干旱和奔跑能力较强的种类。天然秋茄（Kandelia candel）群落蟹类种类数和平均密度较人工引种的无瓣海桑（Sonneratia apetala）群落的少,但平均生物量较无瓣海桑群落高。秋茄群落蟹类密度和生物量与土壤全氮、全磷、有机质等理化因子都呈不显著相关;无瓣海桑群落土壤速效磷与蟹类生物量呈极显著正相关,与蟹类密度呈显著正相关;全磷与蟹类密度呈显著负相关。红树林土壤类型和新生蟹类补充进种群是影响珠海淇澳岛红树林蟹类密度和生物量变化的主要原因。     

大金山岛土壤重金属污染评价及相关性分析

大金山岛是上海自然陆地海拔最高点,为了探明大金山岛陆域土壤重金属污染状况及其相关性,本研究以网格法及蛇形采样法进行布点采样,采用单因子污染指数法及潜在生态危害指数法对大金山岛陆域土壤环境重金属污染状况进行评价.结果表明,大金山岛陆域土壤重金属基本符合一级土壤标准,其中Cd有轻微污染,样品超标率为85.4%;其次是Pb,超标率为26.8%;Zn和Cu未超标.Pb-Cu、Pb-Zn、Cu-Zn之间在P=0.05水平有显著正相关性,说明其同源性较高,受成土母质影响很大,这也间接说明大金山岛被保护尚好,受人为活动影响较小.     

A western gray whale mitigation and monitoring program for a 3-D seismic survey, Sakhalin Island, Russia

The introduction of anthropogenic sounds into the marine environment can impact some marine mammals. Impacts can be greatly reduced if appropriate mitigation measures and monitoring are implemented. This paper concerns such measures undertaken by Exxon Neftegas Limited, as operator of the Sakhalin-1 Consortium, during the Odoptu 3-D seismic survey conducted during 17 August–9 September 2001. The key environmental issue was protection of the critically endangered western gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus), which feeds in summer and fall primarily in the Piltun feeding area off northeast Sakhalin Island. Existing mitigation and monitoring practices for seismic surveys in other jurisdictions were evaluated to identify best practices for reducing impacts on feeding activity by western gray whales. Two buffer zones were established to protect whales from physical injury or undue disturbance during feeding. A 1 km buffer protected all whales from exposure to levels of sound energy potentially capable of producing physical injury. A 4–5 km buffer was established to avoid displacing western gray whales from feeding areas. Trained Marine Mammal Observers (MMOs) on the seismic ship Nordic Explorer had the authority to shut down the air guns if whales were sighted within these buffers. Additional mitigation measures were also incorporated: Temporal mitigation was provided by rescheduling the program from June–August to August–September to avoid interference with spring arrival of migrating gray whales. The survey area was reduced by 19% to avoid certain waters <20 m deep where feeding whales concentrated and where seismic acquisition was a lower priority. The number of air guns and total volume of the air guns were reduced by about half (from 28 to 14 air guns and from 3,390 in³ to 1,640 in³) relative to initial plans. “Ramp-up” (=“soft-start”) procedures were implemented. Monitoring activities were conducted as needed to implement some mitigation measures, and to assess residual impacts. Aerial and vessel-based surveys determined the distribution of whales before, during and after the seismic survey. Daily aerial reconnaissance helped verify whale-free areas and select the sequence of seismic lines to be surveyed. A scout vessel with MMOs aboard was positioned 4 km shoreward of the active seismic vessel to provide better visual coverage of the 4–5 km buffer and to help define the inshore edge of the 4–5 km buffer. A second scout vessel remained near the seismic vessel. Shore-based observers determined whale numbers, distribution, and behavior during and after the seismic survey. Acoustic monitoring documented received sound levels near and in the main whale feeding area. Statistical analyses of aerial survey data indicated that about 5–10 gray whales moved away from waters near (inshore of) the seismic survey during seismic operations. They shifted into the core gray whale feeding area farther south, and the proportion of gray whales observed feeding did not change over the study period. Five shutdowns of the air guns were invoked for gray whales seen within or near the buffer. A previously unknown gray whale feeding area (the Offshore feeding area) was discovered south and offshore from the nearshore Piltun feeding area. The Offshore area has subsequently been shown to be used by feeding gray whales during several years when no anthropogenic activity occurred near the Piltun feeding area. Shore-based counts indicated that whales continued to feed inshore of the Odoptu block throughout the seismic survey, with no significant correlation between gray whale abundance and seismic activity. Average values of most behavioral parameters were similar to those without seismic surveys. Univariate analysis showed no correlation between seismic sound levels and any behavioral parameter. Multiple regression analyses indicated that, after allowance for environmental covariates, 5 of 11 behavioral parameters were statistically correlated with estimated seismic survey-related variables; 6 of 11 behavioral parameters were not statistically correlated with seismic survey-related variables. Behavioral parameters that were correlated with seismic variables were transient and within the range of variation attributable to environmental effects. Acoustic monitoring determined that the 4–5 km buffer zone, in conjunction with reduction of the air gun array to 14 guns and 1,640 in³, was effective in limiting sound exposure. Within the Piltun feeding area, these mitigation measures were designed to insure that western gray whales were not exposed to received levels exceeding the 163 dB re 1 μPa (rms) threshold. This was among the most complex and intensive mitigation programs ever conducted for any marine mammal. It provided valuable new information about underwater sounds and gray whale responses during a nearshore seismic program that will be useful in planning future work. Overall, the efforts in 2001 were successful in reducing impacts to levels tolerable by western gray whales. Research in 2002–2005 suggested no biologically significant or population-level impacts of the 2001 seismic survey. M. W. Newcomer is deceased.     

2019年8月海南岛三亚地震的控震断裂及未来地震危险性分析

2019年8月20日,海南省三亚市天涯区连续发生两次有感地震。为研究本次地震的控震断裂及琼南地区未来的地震危险性,综合分析了琼南地区历史地震活动特征和主要断裂的构造活动特征。结果表明:近EW向九所-水断裂在琼南地区起主要控震作用,沿断裂带小型地震频繁而密集发生。震中周边的NW向乐东-田独断裂较其他方向断裂活动时代最新,与九所-陵水断裂共同作用导致此次地震发生。区域内活动断裂晚更新世以来活动不明显,结合前人对琼雷地区的应力降、重力观测和地应力等方面的研究,推断未来短时间内发生破坏性强震的可能性不大。     

Coastal Management of Failaka Island, Kuwait

Failaka Island is one of the most important islands belonging to the State of Kuwait. With the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on 2 August 1990, most of the activies on Failaka Island were destroyed. After the liberation of Kuwait, the Kuwaiti government decided to reconstruct the island for touristic and recreational purposes. Thus, a coastal development plan was needed. The presented study is an attempt to address the coastal zone management of the island. Based on the overall geomorphological features of the island, the coast was classified into four coastal zones. The wave and tidal conditions were identified around the island. The major items controlling the coastal development were specified. Accordingly, a detailed coastal zone management map for future development was developed. The overall goal was to provide decision-makers with guidelines for the future development of the island.     

长三角背景点夏季大气PM2.5中正构烷烃和多环芳烃的污染特征和来源解析

为探讨长三角背景点有机气溶胶的污染特征和来源,于2018年夏季在崇明岛进行了为期3个月的PM_(2.5)样品昼夜采集,使用气相色谱-质谱技术分析其中正构烷烃(normal alkanes,n-alkanes)和多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)的质量浓度和分子组成,并结合后向轨迹和正交矩阵(positive matrix factorization,PMF)解析其来源.结果表明,观测期间崇明岛PM_(2.5)的质量浓度为(33±21)μg·m~(-3),低于国家空气质量一级标准(GB3095-2012,35μg·m~(-3)),但仍有部分时段污染较重,超标率为35%.其中n-alkanes和PAHs的浓度均值分别为(26±44) ng·m~(-3)和(0. 76±1. 0) ng·m~(-3),污染期(PM_(2.5)≥35μg·m~(-3))比清洁期(PM_(2.5)15μg·m~(-3))高出一个数量级,二者在污染期均呈昼低夜高趋势,而清洁期PAHs昼夜无显著差异,n-alkanes呈现白天大于晚上的特征.分子组成、特征比值及相关性分析显示:PM_(2.5)中67%的n-alkanes来源于化石燃料燃烧,其余为植物排放,PAHs则主要来自化石燃料和生物质燃烧.后向轨迹及PMF的分析结果进一步显示:污染期PAHs主要来自内陆、沿海及长三角地区的机动车与工业排放,贡献了51%,而清洁期受海洋气团控制,PAHs主要来源于船舶排放,贡献了45%,高于燃煤和机动车排放的贡献之和(38%).     

横沙岛潮滩沉积物中重金属的空间分布与累积

长期以来，长江流域的工农业及城市生活排污一直没有得到有效的控制，这必将对下游河口地区的生态环境造成直接或潜在的威胁。因此，针对横沙岛目前的潮滩环境进行研究，并就潮滩质量和发展趋势进行评价非常必要。通过对横沙岛潮滩表层沉积物中重金属元素空间分布与累积的统计学分析，得知横沙岛潮滩环境总体比较清洁，但多年来受城市工业废水和生活污水排放，以及城市汽车尾气和工业粉尘干湿沉降的影响，局部地区表现出较严峻的污染形势，Cu、Zn、Cr、Pb的最高浓度分别达到背景值的2.34、4.24、2.74和1.63倍。通过对潮滩表层沉积物粒度和有机质含量的分析，指出水动力条件、潮滩生物活化作用是影响重金属空间分布和累积的主要因素。     

基于资源环境保护的清澜港红树林海岸塑料污染特征

红树林是海洋底栖生物的栖息产卵地和生物基因库,是阻挡陆源污染物入海的生物防线。塑料污染可对海洋生物造成机械伤害、毒理作用,威胁红树林生态系统的健康与稳定。通过野外踏勘和海上作业,在海南岛清澜港红树林海岸采集大塑料垃圾和海水、沉积物、底栖生物样品,采用目视鉴别和体视显微镜、显微傅里叶红外光谱仪鉴定分析研究区资源环境的塑料污染特征及来源。结果表明：大塑料垃圾主要来自于塑料袋和泡沫等生活与渔业垃圾;微塑料有碎片、纤维、线状、薄膜、颗粒和球形六种形态,多为大塑料经日晒和海水动力作用形成的碎片,人造纤维占比最高,为37.91%。研究可为红树林海岸塑料污染管控与综合治理提供决策依据,以实现红树林海岸资源环境有效保护。     

The contribution of policy,law, management,research, and advocacy failings to the recent extinctions of three Australian vertebrate species

Extinctions typically have ecological drivers, such as habitat loss. However, extinction events are also influenced by policy and management settings that may be antithetical to biodiversity conservation, inadequate to prevent extinction, insufficiently resourced, or poorly implemented. Three endemic Australian vertebrate species—the Christmas Island pipistrelle (Pipistrellus murrayi), Bramble Cay melomys (Melomys rubicola), and Christmas Island forest skink (Emoia nativitatis)—became extinct from 2009 to 2014. All 3 extinctions were predictable and probably preventable. We sought to identify the policy, management, research, and other shortcomings that contributed to their extinctions or failed to prevent them. These included a lack within national environmental legislation and policy of explicit commitment to the prevention of avoidable extinctions, lack of explicit accountability, inadequate resources for conservation (particularly for species not considered charismatic or not of high taxonomic distinctiveness), inadequate biosecurity, a slow and inadequate process for listing species as threatened, recovery planning that failed to consider the need for emergency response, inability of researchers to identify major threatening factors, lack of public engagement and involvement in conservation decisions, and limited advocacy. From these 3 cases, we recommend: environmental policy explicitly seeks to prevent extinction of any species and provides a clear chain of accountability and an explicit requirement for public inquiry following any extinction; implementation of a timely and comprehensive process for listing species as threatened and for recovery planning; reservation alone not be assumed sufficient to maintain species; enhancement of biosecurity measures; allocation of sufficient resources to undertake actions necessary to prevent extinction; monitoring be considered a pivotal component of the conservation response; research provides timely identification of factors responsible for decline and of the risk of extinction; effective dissemination of research results; advocacy by an informed public for the recovery of threatened species; and public involvement in governance of the recovery process. These recommendations should be applicable broadly to reduce the likelihood and incidence of extinctions.